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APA 7th Edition

Learn why citations are crucial in your written work and how to cite sources correctly using a variety of different style guides.

Date

The second component in a reference is the date. Most citations only need the year in parentheses, followed by a period.

Author. (Date). Title. Source.

Most sources (such as books, journal articles, and films) only require the year. For magazines, newsletters, newspapers, social media, YouTube videos, blog posts, etc., provide the full date.

References

Valinsky, J. (2019, October 8)Instagram dark mode is here.CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/08/tech/instagram-dark-mode-trnd/index.html

 

In-text Citations

In-text citations, however, will only include the year.

(Valinksy, 2019)

 

If an item does not have a discernible date, you may use n.d. as the date (for no date); do not simply leave out the date. For webpages, do not use a general copyright date given for the website. Look for a specific created, updated, or modified date for the page or document you are using.

References

Santa Fe College. (n.d.). Fifty years to first. https://www.sfcollege.edu/about/50/

 

In-text Citation

(Santa Fe College, n.d.)

 

If you have two or more distinct works by the same author and published in the same year, differentiate them with letters. Organize these references by the title element. Reference

Rowling, J. K. (1999a). Harry Potter and the chamber of secrets. Arthur A. Levine.

 

Rowling, J. K. (1999b). Harry Potter and the prisoner of Azkaban. Arthur A. Levine.

 

In-text Citation

(Rowling, 1999a)

 

(Rowling, 1999b)

 

For items that have a full date, such as blogs or newspaper articles, add the differentiating letter to the year, and keep the month and/or day. Recall that only years are included in an in-text citation. Organize them in the references list by date. Reference

Flaherty, C. (2018a, March 14). Same course, different ratings. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/03/14/study-says-students-rate-men-more-highly-women-even-when-theyre-teaching-identical

 

Flaherty, C. (2018b, April 12). Diversifying a classic humanities course. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/04/12/responding-student-criticism-its-foundational-humanities-course-too-white-reed

 

In-text Citation

(Flaherty, 2018a)

 

(Flaherty, 2018b)

 

If both items are using n.d. instead of a year, include a hyphen before the differentiating letter. Organize these references by the title element. Reference

Santa Fe College. (n.d.-a). Honors student code of conduct. https://www.sfcollege.edu/honors/honors-student-code-of-conduct/index

 

Santa Fe College. (n.d.-b). Priority admissions dates. https://www.sfcollege.edu/admissions/priority-admissions-dates/index

 

In-text Citation

(Santa Fe College, n.d.-a)

 

(Santa Fe College, n.d.-b)

 

If you are citing a classic work that has been reprinted or republished, you can include the original date at the end of the reference. 

Freud, S. (2005). Civilization and its discontents. Norton. (Original work published 1930)

 

Include both dates in the in-text citation.

(Freud, 1930/2005)

If the resources you are citing may change substantially before readers can access it, you may add a retrieval date prior to the URL. Examples include wikis, dictionary entries, Twitter profiles, webpages that update frequently, etc.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, October 3). Outbreak of lung injury associated with e-cigarette use, or vaping. Retrieved October 8, 2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html

 

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2019)

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